Branding and Development of Customer Loyalty - Free Essay Example

THE ROLE OF BRAND IN DEVELOPINING CUSTOMER LOYALTY INTRODUCTION 1.1 Nature of Assignment My project is about The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty. Its the part of MBA and it is the requirement of my institute, THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, for the completion of our degree. The purpose of project is to determine the role of brand in the development of customer loyalty. After completion of this project I can easily understand that how brand helps in the development of customer loyalty. I am doing work on this project to collect data and other relevant information to build a relation between role of brand and customer loyalty and to prove that brand plays an important role in the development of customer loyalty. It is my project which is being supervised by a senior person allocated by my institute. In order to make my project more reliable field data will also be collected and analyzed. Data from the pre-research on this topic will also be studied to make my project well designed and easily understandable. From the company point of view my research work will be helpful to understand the relationship between brand and customer loyalty. 1.2 The Rationale for this Study * Literature review has proved that customer loyalty affects by brand. * Different work on this topic has been done which is in chapter# 2. * It is a moralize agreement that brand affects customer loyalty. * I will try to test this claim that the role of brand in the development of customer loyalty with the help of this project using primary and secondary research. * In UK context it would be useful contribution towards this field. * This research will be helpful in understanding the role of brand in the development of customer loyalty. * In local environment findings from this project will be used in number of groups including companies, scholars and also researchers. 1.3 Brand In marketing, a brand is a collection of feelings toward an economic producer. Feelings are created by the accumulation of experiences with the brand, both directly relating to its use, and through the influence of advertising, design, and media commentary. A brand is a symbolic embodiment of all the information connected to a company, product or service. A brand serves to create associations and expectations among products made by a producer. A brand often includes an explicit logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols, which are developed to represent implicit values, ideas, and even personality. Concepts Some marketers distinguish the psychological aspect of a brand from the experiential aspect. The experiential aspect consists of the sum of all points of contact with the brand and is known as the brand experience. The psychological aspect, sometimes referred to as the brand image, is a symbolic construct created within the minds of people and consists of all the information and expectations associated with a product or service. The nicest approach to brand building considers the conceptual structure of brands, businesses and people. 1.4 Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate goal a company sets for a branded product. Brand loyalty is a consumers preference to buy a particular brand in a product category. It occurs because consumers perceive that the brand offers the right product features, images, or level of quality at the right price. This perception becomes the foundation for a new buying habit. Basically, consumers initially will make a trial purchase of the brand and, after satisfaction, tend to form habits and continue purchasing the same brand because the product is safe and familiar. Brand loyalists have the following mindset: * I am committed to this brand. * I am willing to pay a higher price for this brand over other brands. * I will recommend this brand to others. Importance of Brand Loyalty There are three main reasons why brand loyalty is important: Higher Sales Volume The average United States Company loses half of its customers every five years, equating to a 13% annual loss of customers. This statistic illustrates the challenges companies face when trying to grow in competitive environments. Achieving even 1% annual growth requires increasing sales to customers, both existing and new, by 14%. Reducing customer loss can dramatically improve business growth and brand loyalty, which leads to consistent and even greater sales since the same brand is purchased repeatedly. Premium Pricing Ability Studies show that as brand loyalty increases, consumers are less sensitive to price changes. Generally, they are willing to pay more for their preferred brand because they perceive some unique value in the brand that other alternatives do not provide. Additionally, brand loyalists buy less frequently on cents-off deals these promotions only subsidize planned purchases. Retain Rather than Seek Brand loyalists are willing to search for their favorite brand and are less sensitive to competitive promotions. The result is lower costs for advertising, marketing and distribution. Specifically, it costs four to six times as much to attract a new customer as it does to retain an old one. 1.5 Customer Loyalty When a consumer finds that a particular brand is delivering the best products and services for him and that brands solves his problems with their products, he begins to identify that brand with a certain quality and develops a loyalty for it. In fact, if you have a customer who is committed to your brand, chances are that he will choose your product or service over the others that are available in the market. Customer loyalty plays a major role in making your business successful. If you are capable of retaining as much as 5% of your old customer base, then your business can grow up to 75%. Another great thing about your old customers who rely on you is that they will tell their friends, family and acquaintances about your products and services. In this manner, your business will get the best kind of advertising possible. Similarly, a customer who does not like your products might do some negative marketing for you, so you need to be on your toes and ensure that all your customers are satisfied with you. This will help you convert your prospective customers to your clients. 1.6 The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty In order to keep your old customer base alive and loyal towards your brand. You need to have something unique about your brand. If you are able to have a unique feature that your customers love, then chances are that your customers will stick to your company and even tell others about it. The key is to develop this USP or Unique Selling Point in order to entice the customers and keep them loyal. If your customer is aware of your USP and benefits from it, you will get a brand loyalty that will be enough to keeps your business booming. Customer loyalty is more than simple repurchasing, however. Customers may repurchase a brand due to situational constraints, a lack of viable alternatives, or out of convenience. Such loyalty is referred to as spurious loyalty. True brand loyalty exists when customers have a high relative attitude toward the brand which is then exhibited through repurchase behavior. This type of loyalty can be a great asset to the firm. Customers are willing to pay higher prices, they may cost less to serve, and can bring new customers to the firm. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW To determine the role of brand in the development of customer loyalty some articles have been studied. After studying these articles we came to know that how much research has been done by different persons on this topic. Previous research putts light on different kinds of factors related to development of customer loyalty that how customer loyalty can be measured and how properly or effectively brand can be managed and implemented. And what models can be used to make a particular brand more successful. Previous research also explains that what factors are responsible for the decline of a brand. So we came to know about loyalty that a customers loyalty can be determined by studying that how repetitively customer make purchasing of products of a particular brand when some others alternatives are available to customers. Several studies have been conducted in this area following are the list of some key articles and a brief description will be given following. 2.1 Summaries of Articles 1st article is about Brand Loyalty which is being studied by Nancy Giddens, Agricultural Extension Value Added Marketing Specialist. Brand Loyalty has been proclaimed by some to be the ultimate goal of marketing. In marketing, brand loyalty consists of a consumers commitment to repurchase the brand and can be demonstrated by repeated buying of a product or service or other positive behaviors such as word of mouth advocacy. True brand loyalty implies that the consumer is willing, at least on occasion, to put aside their own desires in the interest of the brand. Brand loyalty is more than simple repurchasing, however. Customers may repurchase a brand due to situational constraints, a lack of viable alternatives, or out of convenience. Such loyalty is referred to as spurious loyalty. True brand loyalty exists when customers have a high relative attitude toward the brand which is then exhibited through repurchase behavior. This type of loyalty can be a great asset to the firm: customers are willing to pay higher prices, they may cost less to serve, and can bring new customers to the firm. For example, if Joe has brand loyalty to Company A he will purchase Company As products even if Company Bs are cheaper and/or of a higher quality. This article is about decline of brands by James Surowiecki. The truth is weve always overestimated the power of branding while underestimating consumers ability to recognize quality. When brands first became important in the US a century ago, it was because particular products Pillsbury flour or Morton salt offered far more reliability and quality than no-name goods. Similarly, many (and arguably most) of the important brands in American history Gillette or Disney became successful not because of clever marketing, but because they offered something you couldnt get anywhere else. (Gillette made the best razors; Disney made the best animated movies.) Even Nike first became popular because it made superior running shoes. Marketers looked at these companies and said they were succeeding because their brands were strong. In reality, the brands were strong because the companies were succeeding. Over time, certain brands came to connote quality. They did provide a measure of insurance which in turn made firms less innovative and less rigorous. (Think of the abominable cars General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler made in the late 1960s through the 1970s remember the Pinto? in part because they assumed that they had customers for life.) That sense of protection is eroding in industry after industry, and instead of a consumer economy in which success is determined in large part by name, its now being determined by performance. The aristocracy of brand is dead. Long live the meritocracy of product. This article is about customer engagement by Richard Sedley. Customer Engagement refers to the engagement of customers with one another, with a company or a brand. The initiative for engagement can be both consumer- or company-led and the medium of engagement can be on or offline. A customers degree of engagement with a company lies in a continuum that represents the strength of his investment in that company. Positive experiences with the company strengthen that investment and move the customer down the line of engagement. This article is about Brand Engagement by Watson Wyatt. Brand Engagement is a term loosely used to describe the process of forming an attachment (emotional and rational) between a person and a brand. It comprises one aspect of brand management. What makes the topic complex is that brand engagement is partly created by institutions and organizations, but is equally created by the perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of those with whom these institutions and organizations are communicating or engaging with. As a relatively new addition to the marketing and communication mix, brand engagement sits in the space between marketing, advertising, media communication, social media, organizational development, internal communications and human resource management This article is on Brand management by Neil H. McElroy. Brand management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand. It seeks to increase the products perceived value to the customer and thereby increase brand franchise and brand equity. Marketers see a brand as an implied promise that the level of quality people have come to expect from a brand will continue with future purchases of the same product. This may increase sales by making a comparison with competing products more favorable. It may also enable the manufacturer to charge more for the product. The value of the brand is determined by the amount of profit it generates for the manufacturer 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology will be discussed in the following section. 3.1 Theoretical Framework The dependent variable, customer loyalty of branded casual wear companies depend upon two independent variables which are price and awareness. Most of the people in Pakistan belong to middle class and they prefer to buy products of low price with good quality. So poor quality of these companies has affected its sale as well as customer loyalty. We know that awareness of any product plays an important role to increase or decrease the customer loyalty. The quality and comfort of branded products are close to local brands. Similarly the awareness of the branded casual wearing is low because of less impressive advertisement. So, it is clear that the sale and customer loyalty is low because of high price and unawareness. 3.2 Research Objectives Following are the objectives of this study: 1. To determine the importance of branding in creating customer loyalty. 2. To identify the characteristics of a brand that help in brand loyalty. 3. To investigate the reasons for brand preference. 4. How brand loyalty can be developed? 5. What makes the customer loyal? 6. To make recommendations for developing customer loyalty through branding. 3.3 Operationalization Customer Loyalty In this, we will measure the customer loyalty whether the people are buying it or not and why. We have price and awareness as an independent variable and we will measure customer loyalty for different types of the branded casual wearing. Awareness Awareness is an independent variable and we will measure it by the following indicators: i) By asking the people whether they are aware or not. ii) If yes, then from which media vehicle they became aware of it e.g. Newspapers, Magazines, T.V, Radio, Bill boards, word of mouth etc. Methodology Used To perform this task, research was conducted in such a way that reflected the awareness towards branded casual wearing. The primary source of data collection was used and the instrument for data collection was personally administered Questionnaire. This questionnaire was administered personally due to sampling information, administrative control, and helping the respondents in answering technical questions. The population of the research consists of ultimate consumers. Therefore Convenience Sampling technique was used. 3.4 Research Design The purpose of this research was to establish the relationship between independent variables high price awareness and the dependent variable customer loyalty. This is a field study because it examined the relationship between the variables. For this purpose questionnaire was developed to get response of the people. Neither the variables were controlled nor was artificial setting created for the study. The unit of analysis for this study is an individual and tool of data collection is questionnaire. For data collection we have used convenience sampling technique. Procedure Used Standardized questionnaire was designed for consumers. The questionnaire was developed in order to make it comprehensive, so as to enable the researcher to collect all needed information from consumers. The questionnaires was distributed and filled in by the consumers. Methods of Data Collection Population consisting of people who are using the branded casual wears were considered for the collection of data. Survey questionnaire was thus used to collect data from respondents in different areas and University of the Central Punjab. Tool for Data Collection Tool to collect data was survey questionnaire which was very carefully designed. It consisted of all the types of questions i.e. dichotomous questions and multiple choices. So as to acquire in depth knowledge from the consumers about the research problem. After preparation of questionnaire, it was shown to kind teacher for changes in it. Pre-testing After developing and getting it approved, 5 copies of the questionnaire were filled out by the senior students of the University. The respondents faced only few problems which were then replaced and made it easier and comprehensive. After pre-testing 50 copies were again distributed among the public and students. Sampling Techniques We have selected the samples which gave maximum representatives of target market. These samples gave more reliable and accurate information because they are end users of branded casual wears and can provide better information about research problem. Nature of the Study The research study was applied research because it was performed to find solution of problem. Why customer loyalty of branded casual wears is lower. After finding solution of problem, companies implement it to rectify problem situation. Purpose of Study The research has two main purpose first purpose is aimed at to be completed as a requirement of course. Second purpose was to study the impact of important factors that affect customer loyalty of branded casual wears. Some of important factors to be studied were: * Demographic factors like age, income occupation * Quality * Price * Brand name * Availability * Advertisement All these factors were studied to find out all possible ways to maintain and to improve factors such as availability, quality, price, advertisement etc. Study Setting This is a field study because it examined attitude and behavior of the people towards low demand for branded casual wears. For this purpose we had surveyed different areas and got filled in the questionnaires from students. Variables were neither controlled nor manipulated and no artificial setting was created for the study. Time Horizon The data for this research was collected over one month period. Field Work We had 50 sample sizes. We went to the commercial and business areas to fill this questionnaire. The areas consisted of Green heith markets and white city commercial markets. During our field work, we faced a few problems like negative responses from the respondents. Some of the persons hesitated refused to fill questionnaire. But we faced all problems boldly as a good researcher. 3.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH STUDY Our research has following limitations: 1) Lack of time 2) Cost for collecting data. 3) Sample size is small. 4. ANALYSIS OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE, INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND TABULATION REPRESENTATION TABLE NO.1 Do you prefer branded clothes? Response Frequency %age Yes 41 82% No 9 18%_ Total 50 100__ According to our analysis 82% respondents preferred branded clothes while 18% respondents out of our selected samples did not prefer branded clothes. So our analysis shows that majority of the people prefer branded clothes. TABLE NO.2 Brand is important for which item of clothing? Items Frequency %age Shirt 10 20% Jeans 22 44% Casual wears 18 36% Total 50 100% 20% of respondents preferred branded shirts, 44% of respondents preferred branded jeans while 36% of respondents preferred branded casual wears. So according to our analysis its clear that majority of people prefer branded jeans. TABLE NO.03 Why do you prefer branded clothes? Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Total High Quality 24 (48%) 18 (36%) 6 (12%) 2(4%) 50 Comfort 26 (52%) 15 (30%) 8 (16%) 1 (2%) 50 Durability 25 (50%) 18 (36%) 5 (10%) 2 (4%) 50 This graph shows that 48% respondents are strongly agreed, 36% respondents are agreed, 12% respondents are disagreed and 4% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to high quality. 52% respondents are strongly agreed, 30% respondents are agreed, 16% respondents are disagreed and 2% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to comfort. 50% respondents are strongly agreed, 36% respondents are agreed, 10% respondents are disagreed and 4% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to durability. So majority of people prefer branded clothes due to comfort. TABLE NO.04 Which of the following element is important for your choice of the branded item? Elements Frequency %age Product features 31 62% Price 14 28% Promotion 04 08% Placement 01 02% Total 50 100_ This graph shows that 62% respondents preferred product features, 28% respondents preferred price, 8%respondents preferred promotion and 2% preferred placement for the choice of branded items. So our analysis shows that product feature is the most important element for the choice of branded items. TABLE NO.05 Approximately, how many times do you buy your clothes? Buying Period Frequency %age Once a week 02 04% Once every 2 weeks 00 00% Once a month 08 16% At the beginning of season 10 20% During the sales period 00 00% During the Christmas Festivities 00 00% As the need arise 15 30% Occasionally 13 26% Rarely 02 04% Others 0 00% Total 50 100% This graph shows that 30% respondents are used to buy clothes as the need arises. So majority of people go to buy clothes as the need arises. TABLE NO.06 From where do you usually buy clothes? By the use of Frequency %age Catalogues 05 10% Magazines 07 14% Internet 03 06% Open Market 35 70%__ Total 50 100%_ Above graph shows that 70% of respondents prefer to buy from open market. 6% respondents through internet, 14% respondents use magazine and 10% respondents use catalogues to buy clothes. So majority of people go to buy clothes from open market. TABLE NO.07 How influential is advertising in your purchase of branded wears? Advertising Frequency %age Very Influential 09 18% Influential 22 44% Slightly Influential 10 20% Not Influential 07 14% Dont Know 02 04%_ Total 50 100__ Above graph shows that 18% of respondents are much influenced, 44% are influenced, 20% are slightly influenced, 14% are not influenced by advertising to purchase branded clothes while 4% of respondents do not know about it. So our analysis shows that majority of people are influenced by advertising to purchase branded clothes. TABLE NO.08 If a company wants to advertise to you, which of the following medium would be most effective in gaining consumers? Medium Frequency %age TV 24 48% Radio 00 00% Magazines 10 20% Newspaper 01 02% Billboards 11 22% Internet 03 06% Others 01 02% Total 50 100% 48% respondents told that T.V is the most effective advertising media. So our analysis shows that majority of people are influenced by advertising through T.V. TABLE NO.09 How influential is a celebrity endorsement in your decision to purchase branded clothes? Celebrity Frequency %age Very Influential 05 10 Influential 15 30 Slightly Influential 13 26 Not Influential 12 24 Dont Know 05 10 Total 50 100 30% respondents told that they are influenced by a celebrity to make their decisions to purchase branded clothes. So our analysis shows that branded clothes should be advertised through a celebrity. TABLE NO.10 How influential are other consumers opinions of a brand in your perception of that brand? Other Consumers Opinion Frequency %age Very Influential 14 28 Influential 19 38 Slightly Influential 12 24 Not Influential 02 4 Dont Know 03 6 Total 50 100 This graph shows that 38% respondents are influenced by other peoples opinion. So company should achieve more and more market reputation. Table No.11 When buying clothes, you: Buying clothes Frequency %age Go directly in a particular shop 31 62 Go round in various shops 19 38 Total 50 100.00 62% respondents go directly to purchase branded clothes in a particular shop while 38% respondents go round in various shops. So a company should have more physical outlets to capture market. Table No.12 How would you rate the following statements? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree I wear only well known brands 6 30 9 5 I buy clothes depending on their colors 8 31 6 5 I buy styles that suit me rather than what is fashionable 15 31 3 1 I only buy the style that my friends wear 3 15 23 9 I only buy the latest fashion as long as they suit me 16 20 12 2 I create my own fashion rather than follow it 4 27 14 5 I tend to stick to classic styles that wont date 1 26 19 4 I wear only clothes that are widely available 1 21 23 5 I hate going round for clothes and I let others buy my clothes 2 25 14 9 I search for sales and low prices 18 12 10 10 30 respondents out of 50 are agreed that they wear only well known branded clothes, 31 respondents are agreed that they buy clothes depending on their colors, 31 respondents are agreed that they buy styles that suit them rather than what is fashionable. 23 respondents are disagreed that they only buy the style that their friends wear. 20 respondents are agreed that they only buy the latest fashion as long as they suit them. 27 respondents are agreed that they create their own fashion rather than follow it. 26 respondents are agreed that they tend to stick to classic styles that wont date. 23 respondents are disagreed that they wear only clothes that are widely available. 25 respondents are agreed that they hate going round for clothes and they let others buy their clothes. 18 respondents are strongly agreed that they search for sales and low prices. Table No.13 How important would you rate the following factors in influencing the choice of clothes purchased? Almost Always Sometimes Rarely Never Fashion Magazines 8 20 11 11 Beauty Magazines 6 10 14 20 Television 18 13 15 4 Radio 9 13 14 14 Newspapers 10 25 7 8 Billboards 9 33 8 0 Cinema 8 15 8 19 Promotional Leaflets 3 20 10 17 Internet 17 12 15 6 Others 0 0 0 0 Majority of people are influenced by fashion magazines, T.V, news paper, billboards, promotional leaflets and internet while they are not influenced by beauty magazines, radio and cinema to make the choice of branded clothes. So a company should focus to advertise through T.V and billboards. TABLE NO.14 Do you think that wearing branded clothes would reflect? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Confidence 32 17 1 0 Superior Image 14 29 5 2 Exclusivity 13 32 5 0 Snob Appeal 11 28 9 2 32 respondents are strongly agreed that wearing branded clothes show level of confidence, 29 respondents are agreed that wearing branded clothes reflect superior image. 32 respondents are agreed that branded clothes reflect exclusivity and 28 respondents told that its a snob appeal. So our analysis shows that majority of people purchase branded clothes due to high level of confidence, superior image, exclusivity and snob appeal. TABLE NO.15 Criteria used for the selection of specific brand? Selection Criteria Frequency %age Well known brand name 24 48% Brand shows the quality 18 36% Brand offers incentives 08 16% Total 50 100% The graph and its analysis show that criteria used for selection of specific brand is well known brand name. TABLE NO.16 Which brand is preferred by customer? Preferred Brand Frequency %age Offer more services 10 20% High price with high quality 26 52% Low price with high quality 14 28%_ Total 50 100% 52% respondents told that only that brand is preferred which provides high quality with high price. So a company should mainly focus on high quality. TABLE NO.17 What attracts you more to select a specific brand? Attraction Frequency %age More advertisement 06 12 Market reputation 11 22 Existing customers satisfaction 33 66 Total 50 100 66% respondents told that existing customers satisfaction attracts more to select a specific brand. So majority of people are influenced by existing customers opinion. TABLE NO.18 Why most people prefer local brand? Attraction Frequency %age Less price 26 52 Easy availability 6 12 Same features like imported brand 18 36 Total 50 100 This graph shows that most of the people prefer branded clothes due to less price. TABLE NO.19 Local brand captures market due to Attraction Frequency %age Offer more then one product under one roof 04 8 More retail outlets in every market 27 54 Not properly defined prices 19 38 Total 50 100 This graph shows that local brand capture market due to more retail outlet in every market. So companies of branded clothes should have their retail outlets in at least famous markets. TABLE NO. 20 Please indicate your top 3 favorite brands with 1 being your most preferred brand, 2 being your second and 3 being your third. _____ Old Navy 8%__ Hang Ten 22%_ Next _____ Versace _____ Lerner _____ Dollhouse _____ Lucky 4%___ Diesel 4%__ DKNY _____ Lee _____ Polo _____ Tommy Hilfiger 14%__ Nike 42% Levis _____ Express _____ Seven 6%__ Gap _____ Abercrombie and Fitch _____ Other, please specify brand name: _____________________________________ Levis, Next and Nike are the most preferred brands. TABLE N0.21 Please measure your satisfaction level with your selected brand: (Check one for each) Very Satisfied Somewhat Satisfied Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know Colors/Washes 28 (56%) 06 (12%) 09 (18%) 02 (4%) 04 (8%) 01(2%) Durability 41 (82%) 6 (12%) 02 (4%) 01 (2%) Cut/Style** 33 (66%) 9 (18%) 8 (16%) Stitching** 44 (88%) 2 (4%) 01 (2%) 03 (6%) Sizing 46 (92%) 4 (8%) Comfort 47 (94%) 03 (6%) Pricing 9 (18%) 12 (24%) 29 (58%) 56% respondents are very satisfied with colors, 82% with durability, 66% with cut style, 88% with stitching, 92% with sizing and 94% with comfort of selected brands while 58% are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with pricing of selected brand. TABLE NO.22 AGE GROUP Age group Frequency %age Years 0-15 0 0 16 25 27 54 26 39 19 38 40 51 03 6 Above 52 01 2 Total 50 100.00 People ranging from 16 to 25 years prefer more to wear branded clothes. Table No.23 Gender Sex Frequency %age Male 39 78 Female 11 22 Total 50 100.00 This graph shows that out of 50 respondents 39 were male which contribute 78 percent and remaining 11 were female which were 22 percent. 5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The findings and recommendations are discussed in this concluding chapter. The discussion is organized by studys objectives listed below for easy reference. 1. To determine the importance of branding in creating customer loyalty. 2. To identify the characteristics of a brand that help in brand loyalty. 3. To investigate the reasons for brand preference. 4. How brand loyalty can be developed? 5. What makes the customer loyal? 6. To make recommendations for developing customer loyalty through branding. 5.1 Importance of Branding In Creating Customer Loyalty 82% of sample respondents preferred branded clothes while 18% respondents out of our selected samples did not prefer branded clothes. So our analysis shows that majority of the people prefer branded clothes. So this analysis supports our research objective that branding is important in developing customer loyalty because majority of people preferred branded clothes. Those who did not prefer branded clothes were those who are price conscious and not focusing on quality and other features provide by branded clothes. 5.2 Characteristics that Help in Developing in Brand Loyalty 48% respondents are strongly agreed, 36% respondents are agreed, 12% respondents are disagreed and 4% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to high quality. This analysis supports our research objectives that there are certain characteristics of brand that help in the development of brand loyalty Our research has proved that quality is one of the important characteristic which develops brand loyalty. This analysis has also proved another research objective that there are certain reasons for brand preference. Our research shows that majority of people prefer branded clothes due to high quality. 52% respondents are strongly agreed, 30% respondents are agreed, 16% respondents are disagreed and 2% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to comfort. So according to this analysis our research objective that how brand loyalty is developed satisfies that brand loyalty can be developed by providing good quality. 50% respondents are strongly agreed, 36% respondents are agreed, 10% respondents are disagreed and 4% respondents are strongly disagreed that they prefer branded clothes due to durability. So majority of people prefer branded clothes due to comfort. This analysis also supports our research objective that characteristics of brand helps in the development of customer loyalty. Table 16 shows that 52% respondents told that only that brand is preferred which provides high quality with high price. So a company should mainly focus on high quality. This analysis also supports our research objective that characteristics of brand helps in the development of customer loyalty .Those who do not prefer quality or any other characteristics of brand are those who are unaware about the characteristics which a particular brand offers. Table 21 shows that 56% respondents are very satisfied with colors, 82% with durability, 66% with cut style, 88% with stitching, 92% with sizing and 94% with comfort of selected brands while 58% are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with pricing of selected brand. 5.3 Reasons for Brand Preference Table 7 shows that 18% of respondents are much influenced, 44% are influenced, 20% are slightly influenced, 14% are not influenced by advertising to purchase branded clothes while 4% of respondents do not know about it. This analysis answers to our research objective that an organization should focus more on advertising to make their customer more loyal. So our analysis shows that majority of people are influenced by advertising to purchase branded clothes. 48% respondents told that T.V is the most effective advertising media. So our analysis shows that majority of people are influenced by advertising through T.V. 30% respondents mentioned that they are influenced by a celebrity to make their decisions to purchase branded clothes. So our analysis shows that branded clothes should be advertised through a celebrity Table 12 shows that 30 respondents out of 50 are agreed that they wear only well known branded clothes, 31 respondents are agreed that they buy clothes depending on their colors, 31 respondents are agreed that they buy styles that suit them rather than what is fashionable. 23 respondents are disagreed that they only buy the style that their friends wear. 20 respondents are agreed that they only buy the latest fashion as long as they suit them. 27 respondents are agreed that they create their own fashion rather than follow it. 26 respondents are agreed that they tend to stick to classic styles that wont date. 23 respondents are disagreed that they wear only clothes that are widely available. 25 respondents are agreed that they hate going round for clothes and they let others buy their clothes. 18 respondents are strongly agreed that they search for sales and low prices. Majority of people are influenced by fashion magazines, T.V, news paper, billboards, promotional leaflets and internet while they are not influenced by beauty magazines, radio and cinema to make the choice of branded clothes. So a company should focus to advertise through T.V and billboards. Table 14 shows that 32 respondents are strongly agreed that wearing branded clothes show level of confidence, 29 respondents are agreed that wearing branded clothes reflect superior image. 32 respondents are agreed that branded clothes reflect exclusivity and 28 respondents told that its a snob appeal. So our analysis shows that majority of people purchase branded clothes due to high level of confidence, superior image, exclusivity and snob appeal. Our analysis shows that criteria used for selection of specific brand is well known brand name. Most of the people prefer branded clothes due to less price. Table 22 shows that People ranging from 16 to 25 years prefer more to wear branded clothes. 20% of respondents preferred branded shirts, 44% of respondents preferred branded jeans while 36% of respondents preferred branded casual wears. So according to our analysis its clear that majority of people prefer branded jeans. 5.4 Developing Brand Loyalty 62% respondents preferred product features, 28% respondents preferred price, 8%respondents preferred promotion and 2% preferred placement for the choice of branded items. So our analysis shows that product feature is the most important element for the choice of branded items. 5.5 Determinants of Customer Loyalty Table 20 shows that Levis, Next and Nike are the most preferred brands. 5.6 Recommendations for Developing Customer Loyalty through Branding 30% respondents are used to buy clothes as the need arises. So a company should create an artificial environment to create a desire. The majority of people (70%) buy clothes from the open market, 6% respondents through the Internet, 14% respondents use magazine and 10% respondents use catalogues to buy clothes. According to analysis 38% respondents are influenced by other peoples opinion. So company should achieve more and more market reputation. It supports our research objective that branding is an important factor from the organization point of view and customer loyalty can be developed by advertising on TV and associating brand with celebrity, so a company should achieve more and more market reputation by using an effective media for advertising and using a model or celebrity in advertising. Table 11 shows that 62% respondents go directly to purchase branded clothes in a particular shop while 38% respondents go round in various shops. So a company should have more physical outlets to capture market. 66% respondents told that existing customers satisfaction attract more to select a specific brand. So majority of people are influenced by existing customers opinion. Local brand captures market due to more retail outlet in every market. So companies of branded clothes should have their retail outlets in at least famous markets. 5.7 RECOMMENDATIONS * Maximum focus should be to maintain the quality level of branded clothes to make the customer more loyal. * Attention should also be given to increase and maintain the level of comfort and durability to increase the customers loyalty. * Continuously work on innovative designs in order to retain customers. * Price of the branded clothes should be reduced to develop a customer loyalty. * In order to make customer loyal and to keep in touch with customer company should focus on advertising using effective media. * Emphasize on celebrity endorsement * Company should develop a good image in the minds of customers by continuous focusing on its core competencies so that it may have a good word of mouth. * A company should have more physical out lets at least in running markets to capture market completely and to make sure of availability of its products. * More focus should be on identifying and satisfying the needs and wants of target customers. References * Miller Muir (2004) The Business of Brands, ISBN 0470862599 Examines how brands can create value for businesses * Dick, Alan S. and Kunal Basu (1994), Customer Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22 (2), 99-113. * Recommended text book Marketing Research by Naresh K. Malhotra,Fifth edition. * Nancy Giddens, Agricultural Extension Value Added Marketing Specialist, Missouri Value-added Development Center, University of Missouri; and Amanda Hofmann, Student Research Assistant. * James Surowiecki ([emailprotected]/* */), a staff writer for The New Yorker, is the author of The Wisdom of Crowds. * Birkin, Michael (1994). Assessing Brand Value, in Brand Powe. * P. Kotler, Marketing Management (Prentice-Hall, 7th edn, 1991) * https://www.articlesnatch.com/ * https://wikipedia.com/ Questionnaire 1. My project is about The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty. 2. Our project is the part of MBA and it is the requirement of our institute, University of Wales. 3. The purpose of project is to determine the role of brand in the development of customer loyalty. After completion of this project we can easily understand that how brand helps in the development of customer loyalty. 4. We request you for the cooperation for the successful completion of the project. 5. Expected Time to attempt the questionnaire is 7-10 minutes. Q.1 Do you prefer branded clothes? Yes ____ No _____ Q.2 Brand is important for which item of clothing? Shirt Jeans Casual wears Q.3 Why do you prefer branded clothes? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree High quality Comfort Durability Q.4 Which of the following element is important for your choice of the branded item? Product futures Price Promotion Placement Q.5 Approximately, how many times do you buy your clothes? (Please tick where appropriate) Once a week Once every 2 weeks Once a month At the beginning of season During the sales period During the Christmas Festivities As the need arises Occasionally Rarely Others _______________________________________________ Q.6 What is the reason for your choice? ____________________________________________________ Q.7 From where do you usually buy clothes? By the use of: Catalogues Magazines Internet Open Market Others _____________________________________________ Q.8 How influential is advertising in your purchase of branded wears? Very Influential Influential Slightly Influential Not Influential Dont Know Q.9 If a company wants to advertise to you, which of the following medium would be most effective in gaining consumers? (Please check one) ____ TV ____ Radio ____Magazines ____Newspaper ____Billboards ____Internet ____Other, please specify _______________________________ Q.10 How influential is a celebrity endorsement in your decision to purchase a brand of jeans? Very Influential Influential Slightly Influential Not Influential Dont Know Q.11 How influential are other consumers opinions of a brand in your perception of that brand? Very Influential Influential Slightly Influential Not Influential Dont Know Q.12 When buying clothes, you: Go directly in a particular shop. Go round in various shops. Others ________________________________________ Q.13 How would you rate the following statements? (Please tick one box for each characteristic) Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree I wear only well known brands I buy clothes depending on their colors I buy styles that suit me rather than what is fashionable I only buy the style that my friends wear I only buy the latest fashion as long as they suit me I create my own fashion rather than follow it I tend to stick to classic styles that wont date I wear only clothes that are widely available I hate going round for clothes and I let others buy my clothes I search for sales and low prices Q.14 How important would you rate the following factors in influencing the choice of clothes purchased? (Tick one box for each characteristic) Almost Always Sometimes Rarely Never Fashion Magazines Beauty Magazines Television Radio Newspapers Billboards Cinema Promotional Leaflets Internet Others ___________________________________________________________ Q.15 Do you think that wearing branded clothes would reflect: (Tick one box for each characteristic) Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Confidence Superior Image Exclusivity Snob Appeal Q.16 Criteria used for the selection of specific brand? a) Well known brand name b) Brand shows the quality c) Brand offers incentives (discount, replacement) Q.17 Which brand is preferred by customer? a) Offer more services b) High price with high quality c) Low price with high quality Q.18 What attracts you more to select a specific brand? a) More advertisement b) Market reputation c) Existing customers satisfaction Q.19 Why most people prefer local brand? a) Price b) Less Easy availability c) Same features like imported brand Q.20 Local brand captures market due to: a) Offering more than one products under one roof b) More retail outlets in every market c) Not properly defined prices Q.21 Please indicate your top 3 favorite brands with 1 being your most preferred brand, 2 being your second and 3 being your third. _____ Old Navy _____ Hang Ten _____ Next _____ Versace _____ Lerner _____ Dollhouse _____ Lucky _____ Diesel _____ DKNY _____ Lee _____ Polo _____ Tommy Hilfiger _____ Nike _____ Levis _____ Express _____ Seven _____ Gap _____ Abercrombie and Fitch _____ Other, please specify brand name: _____________________________________ Q.22 Please measure your satisfaction level with your selected brand: (Check one for each) Very Satisfied Somewhat Satisfied Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied Somewhat Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know Colors/Washes Durability Cut/Style** Stitching** Sizing Comfort Pricing **Cut/Style= boot cut, hip huggers, loose fit, relaxed, etc **Stitching= pocket design, thread color Q.23Please rank these age groups in order of who wears branded clothes the most? ____ 0-15 ____ 16-25 ____ 26-39 ____ 40-51 ____ 52+ Name__________________________________ Email__________________________________ Age________________ What is your gender? ___Male ___Female Occupation _____________________________ The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty

Assessment Methods in Assessing Vocational Achievement

Reflection on different assessment methods Throughout my work with candidates I use number of different assessment methods as well as assessment categories. Assessment is a number of different methods which are used to evaluate performance and can be used measured against set criteria. I use formative assessment throughout the process so that every time I interact with the candidate I assess their achievement of LO to guide the learning process which informs my decision about the next stage of learning and assessment. When I worked though the plan with candidates and that together we feel that all LO have been covered I conduct a final summative assessment of the portfolio as a whole. I give feedback on this assessment and make†¦show more content†¦I use this method in consultation with the learner and we create a plan around the best way of performing it. Benefits †¢ Marking can be fast but some standardisation of interview procedure is needed to ensure reliability and validity. †¢ Can be useful to check the ownership of evidence - to ensure that students are familiar with things that other forms of assessment indicate that they have learned well. †¢ Virtually no scope for plagiarism †¢ Can provide a free exchange of ideas on a topic †¢ Generally used supported by other assessment methods †¢ Allows for description, evaluation and reflection †¢ Structured discussion allows for gaps to be covered †¢ The authenticity (ownership) of the product is not without doubt Disadvantages †¢ Can be too leading †¢ Can be disjointed; learners need preparation time to ensure logical flow of ideas †¢ A criticism could be that it tests communication, understanding, and capacity to think quickly under pressure. †¢ Oral work can be less stressful for some students †¢ Cultural and individual difference can result in some candidates underperforming when asked questions by figures of authority. †¢ Not suitable for assessing large amounts of subject knowledge and understanding as it not supposed to be a memory test. It is best utilised to plug knowledge gaps that have occurred in other areas of assessment. †¢Show MoreRelatedAssessment and Quality Assurance Essay examples1221 Words   |  5 PagesTraining, Assessment, Quality Assurance (6317) Qualification Information Policy Statement It has come to our attention that the acronym TAQA has been adopted by a private training provider as their company name. The TAQA acronym h as been used by City Guilds since early in 2010 to represent the group of Training Assessment and Quality Assurance qualifications which were launched in September 2010. City Guilds has no relationship with the training provider and does not in any way endorse theirRead Moreassessing the occupational competence in the work enviroment1391 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ASSESSING THE OCCUPATIONAL COMPETENCE IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT UV30564 TRACEY HEARNE CONTENTS Page 1. Outcome 3. (c, d) Page 2. Outcome 3 continued Outcome 4. (b) Page 3-4. Outcome 4 (b) continued. Page 5. (c, d) OUTCOME 3 Give examples of being able to maintain legal and good practice requirements when assessing occupational competence. C. In carrying out assessment of occupational competence, I would ask myself: How effective was my assessmentRead More Quality Management Systems and Vocational Education Assessment1761 Words   |  8 PagesQuality Management Systems and Vocational Education Assessment Quality management systems such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Quality Control (QC), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 focus on the continuous improvement of products and services, customer satisfaction, and participatory manage-ment. Although much has been written about quality management systems and their application in business, industry, and (more recently) education, little connection has beenRead MoreCG Assessor Award Handbook Essay20565 Words   |  83 PagesAwards Certificates in Assessment and Quality Assurance Qualification handbook for centres 6317 6317-30, 6317-31, 6317-32, 6317-33, 6317-40, 6317-41, 6317-42 February www.cityandguilds.com February 2011 Version 1.3 ( February 2011) About City Guilds City Guilds is the UK’s leading provider of vocational qualifications, offering over 500 awards across a wide range of industries, and progressing from entry level to the highest levels of professional achievement. With over 8500 centres inRead MoreAssessor Award1132 Words   |  5 Pages1 To understand: The roles of: †¢ Initial assessment in identifying learner needs †¢ Formative assessment in tracking learner progress †¢ Summative assessment in assessing learner achievement Ans. 2 The following are the key concepts and principles: †¢ Assessment as a process of making judgments of learners’ knowledge, skills and competence against set criteria †¢ What is meant by validity and reliability? †¢ The role of evidence in making assessment decisions †¢ What is meant by evidence beingRead MoreAssessment Process2463 Words   |  10 Pages Level 3 Certificate in Assessing Vocational Achievement. Assessors workbook Name: QIT: Start date: Planned end date: Content: Qualification outline P. 3 The assessment process P.4 Types of assessment P.5-6 Concepts and principles of assessment P.7-9 Stages of assessment P.10 Understand how to plan assessment P.11-13 Holistic assessment P.14 Risks of assessment P.15-16 Understand how to make assessment decision P.17 UnderstandRead MoreTypes of Assessment Used in Lifelong Learninh Essay2331 Words   |  10 Pages12.1 Types of assessment used in lifelong learning There are three types of assessments used in lifelong learning. These are; * Initial * Formative * Summative At the beginning of a course the prior knowledge of a student must be uncovered; this is what the initial assessment is for. Establishing knowledge of ability through an initial assessment allows the tutor to tailor the teaching material appropriately, giving more time when lesson planning to cover weaker areas and spendingRead More2.1 Strengths and Limitations of Assessment Methods Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesLimitations of Assessment Methods Selecting Assessment Methods There is a large variety of assessment methods available for assessing learners’ achievements. These include observation; questioning the learner; examining product evidence; discussion; witness testimony; looking at learner statements; recognising prior learning; simulated environment; skills tests; oral and written examinations; assignments; case studies and projects. Choosing the most appropriate assessment methods is vitally importantRead More1.3 Explain the Responsibilities of the Assessor Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the responsibilities of the assessor * Carrying out assessments in accordance with EAL assessment specifications and assessment documentation * Ensuring evidence provided by learners is sufficient to meet EAL requirements * Providing feedback to the learner about performance and achievement * Devising and agreeing an assessment action plan with the learner as appropriate * Completing all relevant assessment forms and returning them to the internal quality assurer/CentreRead MoreCttls Level 41858 Words   |  8 PagesLearning. Assignment 1- What is the purpose of initial assessment and what kind of methods could be used?   Evaluate these methods with reference to the ways they can help in the overall objective of achieving learning goals.   How can you ensure learners are kept motivated and working towards these goals? Name: Date: 21st October 2010 Word Count: All learners are entitled to undergo a period of initial assessment. Initial assessment is the process of identifying an individual’s learning and

15 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony

The 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote was named for Susan B. Anthony, as was a world record-holding ship. What else dont you know about this famous leader of the Suffrage movement? 1. She Was Not  at the 1848 Woman’s Rights Convention At the time of that first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, as Elizabeth Cady Stanton later wrote in  her reminiscences  History of Woman Suffrage,  Anthony was teaching school in Canajoharie, in the Mohawk Valley. Stanton reports that Anthony, when she read of the proceedings, was â€Å"startled and amused† and â€Å"laughed heartily at the novelty and presumption of the demand.† Anthony’s sister Mary (with whom Susan lived for many years in adulthood) and their parents attended a woman’s rights meeting held at the First Unitarian Church in Rochester, where the Anthony family had begun attending services, after the Seneca Falls meeting. There, they signed a copy of the  Declaration of Sentiments  passed at Seneca Falls.  Susan was not present to attend. 2. She Was for Abolition First Susan B. Anthony was circulating anti-slavery petitions when she was 16 and 17 years old.  She worked for a while as the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Like many other women abolitionists, she began to see that in the â€Å"aristocracy of sex†¦woman finds a political master in her father, husband, brother, son† (History of Woman Suffrage). She  first met Elizabeth Cady Stanton  after Stanton had attended an anti-slavery meeting at Seneca Falls. 3. She Co-Founded the New York Women’s State Temperance Society Elizabeth Cady Stanton and  Lucretia Mott’s experience of being unable to speak at an international anti-slavery meeting led to their forming the  1848 Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls. When Anthony was not permitted to speak at a temperance meeting, she and Stanton formed a women’s temperance group in their state. 4. She Celebrated Her 80th Birthday at the White House By the time she was 80 years old, even though woman suffrage was far from won, Anthony was enough of a public institution that President William McKinley invited her to celebrate her birthday at the White House. 5. She Voted in the Presidential Election of 1872 Susan B. Anthony and a group of 14 other women in Rochester, New York, registered to vote at a local barber shop in 1872, part of the New Departure strategy of the woman suffrage movement. On November 5, 1872, she cast a ballot in the presidential election. On November 28, the 15 women and the registrars were arrested. Anthony contended that women already had the constitutional right to vote. The court disagreed in  United States v. Susan B. Anthony. She was fined $100 for voting and refused to pay. 6. She Was the First Real Woman Depicted on U.S. Currency While other female figures like Lady Liberty had been on the currency before, the 1979 dollar featuring Susan B. Anthony was the first time a real, historical woman appeared on any U.S. currency.  These dollars were only minted from 1979 through 1981 when production was halted because the dollars were easily confused with quarters. The coin was minted again in 1999 to meet demand from the vending machine industry. 7. She Had Little Patience for Traditional Christianity Originally a Quaker, with a maternal grandfather who had been a Universalist, Susan B. Anthony became more active with the Unitarians later. She, like many of her time, flirted with Spiritualism, a belief that spirits were part of the natural world and thus could be communicated with.  She kept her religious ideas mostly private, though she defended the publication of  The Woman’s Bible  and criticized religious institutions and teachings that portrayed women as inferior or subordinate. Claims that she was an atheist are usually based on her critique of religious institutions and religion as practiced.  She defended the right of Ernestine Rose to be president of the National Women’s Rights Convention in 1854, though many called Rose, a Jew married to a Christian, an atheist, probably accurately. Anthony said about that controversy that â€Å"every religion — or none — should have an equal right on the platform.† She also wrote, â€Å"I distrust those people who know so well what God wants them to do because I notice it always coincides with their own desires.† At another time, she wrote, â€Å"I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical recognition of the old Revolutionary maxim. Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.† Whether she was an atheist, or just believed in a different idea of God than some of her evangelical opponents, is not certain. 8. Frederick Douglass Was a Lifelong Friend Though they split over the issue of the priority of black male suffrage in the 1860s — a split which also split the feminist movement until 1890 — Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass were lifelong friends. They knew each other from early days in Rochester, where in the 1840s and 1850s, he was part of the anti-slavery circle that Susan and her family were part of. On the day Douglass died, he had sat next to Anthony on the platform of a women’s rights meeting in Washington, D.C. During the split over the 15th Amendment’s granting of suffrage rights to black males, Douglass tried to influence Anthony to support the ratification. Anthony, appalled that the Amendment would introduce the word â€Å"male† into the Constitution for the first time, disagreed. 9. Her Earliest Known Anthony Ancestor Was German Susan B. Anthony’s Anthony ancestors came to America via England in 1634. The Anthonys had been a prominent and well-educated family. The English Anthonys were descended from a William Anthony in Germany who was an engraver. He served as Chief Engraver of the Royal Mint during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. 10. Her Maternal Grandfather Fought in the American Revolution Daniel Read enlisted in the Continental Army after the battle of Lexington, served under Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen among other commanders, and after the war was elected as a Whig to the Massachusetts legislature. He became a Universalist, though his wife kept praying he would return to traditional Christianity. 11. Her Position on Abortion Is Misrepresented While Anthony, like other leading women of her time, deplored abortion both as â€Å"child-murder† and as a threat to the life of women under then-current medical practice, she blamed men as responsible for women’s decisions to end their pregnancies. An often-used quote about child-murder was part of an editorial asserting that laws attempting to punish women for having abortions would be unlikely to suppress abortions, and asserting that many women seeking abortions were doing so out of desperation, not casually. She also asserted that â€Å"forced maternity† within legal marriage — because husbands were not seeing their wives as having a right to their own bodies and selves — was another outrage. 12. She May Have Had Lesbian Relationships Anthony lived at a time when the concept of â€Å"lesbian† hadn’t really surfaced. It’s hard to differentiate whether â€Å"romantic friendships† and â€Å"Boston marriages† of the time would have been considered lesbian relationships today. Anthony lived for many of her adult years with her sister Mary. Women (and men) wrote in more romantic terms of friendships than we do today, so when Susan B. Anthony, in a letter, wrote that she â€Å"shall go to Chicago and visit my new lover — dear Mrs. Gross† it’s hard to know what she really meant. Clearly, there were very strong emotional bonds between Anthony and some other women. As Lillian Falderman documents in the controversial  To Believe in Women, Anthony also wrote of her distress when fellow feminists got married to men or had children, and wrote in very flirtatious ways — including invitations to share her bed. Her niece Lucy Anthony was a life partner of suffrage leader and Methodist minister Anna Howard Shaw, so such relationships were not foreign to her experience. Faderman suggests that Susan B. Anthony may have had relationships with Anna Dickinson, Rachel Avery, and Emily Gross at different times in her life. There are photos of Emily Gross and Anthony together, and even a statue of the two created in 1896.  Unlike others in her circle, however, her relationships with women never had the permanence of a â€Å"Boston marriage.† We really can’t know for sure if the relationships were what we’d today call lesbian relationships, but we do know that the idea that Anthony was a lonely single woman is not at all the full story. She had rich friendships with her female friends. She had some real friendships with men, as well, though those letters are not so flirtatious. 13. A Ship Named for Susan B. Anthony Holds a World’s Record In 1942, a ship was named for Susan B. Anthony. Constructed in 1930 and called the  Santa Clara  until the Navy chartered it on August 7, 1942, the ship became one of very few named for a woman. It was commissioned in September and became a transport ship carrying troops and equipment for the Allied invasion of North Africa in October and November. It made three voyages from the U.S. coast to North Africa. After landing troops and equipment in Sicily in July 1943 as part of the Allied invasion of Sicily, it took heavy enemy aircraft fire and bombings and shot down two of the enemy bombers. Returning to the United States, it spent months taking troops and equipment to Europe in preparation for the invasion of Normandy. On June 7, 1944, it struck a mine off of Normandy. After failed attempts to save it, the troops and crew were evacuated and the  Susan B. Anthony  sank. As of the year 2015, this was the largest rescue on record of people from a ship without any loss of life. 14. The B Stands for Brownell Anthonys parents gave Susan the middle name Brownell.  Simeon Brownell (born 1821) was another Quaker abolitionist who supported Anthonys womens rights work, and his family may have been related to or friends with Anthonys parents. 15. The Law Giving Women the Vote Was Called the Susan B. Anthony Amendment Anthony died in 1906, so the continuing struggle to win the vote honored her memory with this name for the proposed 19th Constitutional Amendment. Sources Anderson, Bonnie S. The Rabbis Atheist Daughter: Ernestine Rose, International Feminist Pioneer. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, January 2, 2017. Falderman, Lillian. To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America — A History. Kindle Edition, Mariner Books, Movember 1, 2017. Rhodes, Jesse. Happy Birthday, Susan B. Anthony. Smithsonian, February 15, 2011. Schiff, Stacy. Desperately Seeking Susan. The New York Times, October 13, 2006. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. History of Woman Suffrage. Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Kindle Edition, GIANLUCA, November 29, 2017.

USC Beaufort Admissions SAT Scores, Admit Rate More

An Investigation Into The Park Of A Zoo Gorilla s...

he family of a boy who entered a Cincinnati Zoo gorilla s enclosure last weekend -- spurring zoo officials to shoot and kill the animal -- will be the focus of an investigation into the incident, Cincinnati police said Tuesday. The 3-year-old boy was dragged across a moat by the 450-pound gorilla on Saturday. After a 10-minute encounter, Cincinnati Zoo officials shot and killed the beloved and endangered gorilla, named Harambe. The boy was not seriously injured. Cincinnati police said Tuesday that their review is only regarding the actions of the parents/family that led up to the incident and not related to the operation or safety of the Cincinnati Zoo. After the review, we will determine if charges need to be brought forward, police†¦show more content†¦If not, that would warrant a formal investigation, she said. There is no time frame for looking into an incident or determining whether to open an investigation, Espinosa said. We want to ensure that we are thorough. CNN independently reviewed USDA records for the last three years, which is all that is maintained by the agency, and found nine findings where the zoo was out of compliance although none involved the gorilla exhibit. Two involving veterinary care were directly tied to the health or wellness of the animals, and seven dealt with other issues; all were resolved, according to USDA reports. Animal rights groups demands feds investigate An animal rights group announced Tuesday that it had requested an investigation by the USDA. The letter from Michael A. Budkie , executive director of Stop Animal Exploitation Now, alleges the Harambe tragedy occurred because the zoo, maintained an enclosure that violated the Animal Welfare Act, according to the letter obtained by CNN. It does not explain how the zoo violated the act. The letter from the animal rights group cites what it says are Animal Welfare Act violations and includes copies of USDA inspection reports from March 2016 and November 2014, which CNN also located independently in the USDA

All About Classification Essay Topics List

All About Classification Essay Topics List The Tried and True Method for Classification Essay Topics List in Step by Step Detail The overall format of a classification essay should consist of several normal elements. Before starting on your writing, you will need to make sure you comprehend the classification essay definition properly. To understand the objective of your classification essay, you want to understand for what sort of public you will need to write it. A superb classification essay ought to have a purchase. To assist you choose the best topics, we shall supply you with several classification essay topics that may help you construct an intriguing essay. It is essential that the essay doesn't appeal to the writer alone. Start with a fundamental thesis statement to guide you, but you should be conscious that you might have to refine it as your essay starts to take shape. The entire essay ought to be written in accordance with the thesis statement. Regardless, make sure your conclusion clearly emphasizes the objective of your classification. Locate a foundation for classification The next issue to do is to ascertain which basis you will make classification on. The concluding paragraph provides you a chance to draw together the many types and approaches you've been examining. The introductory paragraph attempts to provide a synopsis of the subject matter that's being classified. What Classification Essay Topics List Is - and What it Is Not Let's begin with the primary principles th at are crucial for classification essay writing, so it is possible to earn a conscious selection of topic in line with the categories that you want to cover. Aside from the mentioned above classification essay topics, there are lots of others which we may supply you with. An essential step in classification essay is to locate the proper categories to construct your writing around it. To aid you with your choice what things to write, classification essay topics in many categories are provided below. You're able to learn a bit more about classification and division, along with review your essay employing the links below. Our classification and division essay topics are presented here to assist you in the event you don't understand what things to write about. How to Choose Classification Essay Topics List The trick to writing an excellent classification essay lies in the capability to classify different folks, events, and things in a logical way. Rarely the work on the research papers go smoothly with no confusion, you might come to a standstill sooner or later or feel tension because of the time limitations set. Very often it becomes hard to choose one particular topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their com plete absence. A good deal of students forget that writing a great deal of content doesn't guarantee them success in the conclusion of their essays. The Tried and True Method for Classification Essay Topics List in Step by Step Detail Deciding on a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Business is almost always a popular topic and a wonderful subject to write on. The thesis statement usually contains the topic and the way it is classified. Generally, an excellent thesis statement contains the subject of your essay and the way you're likely to classify it. When you choose a topic, don't forget about the duration of your paper. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to pick your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. It's important to keep in mind that every category ought to have a single base for classification. You're going to want to choose something you can divide into three or so categories without missing any significant category. Without proper info, you won't have the ability to pick categories. The very first category ought to be the least important category. Classification Essay Topics List Help! A last comment on every class ought to be non-repetitive and brief. You might also offer some general facts or informative details to pull in the readers. Include all the essential poi nts you have. After you develop a list of subjects you enjoy, consider ways to approach it from an intriguing angle. The Debate Over Classification Essay Topics List Starting with a fundamental thesis at the start of your work, don't hesitate to polish it later on, once your essay starts to take some shape. A few of the essays may be straight to the point and doesn't require much thinking to make the very first step of writing. Begin with an explanation of what the paper will categorize, the reasons to do so, and what exactly you intend to attain by the close of the writing. The key to writing an effective classification essay paper can be found in the use of simple measures.

The Possibility of Necessity Essay Example For Students

The Possibility of Necessity Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesSome things are logically possible (LP). Others are physically possible (PP) and yet others are Physically Actual (PA). The things that are logically necessary (LN) are excluded from this discussion because they constitute a meta-level: they result from the true theorems in the logical systems within which LP, PP and PA reside. In other words: the LN are about relationships between the three other categories. The interactions between the three categories (LP, PP, PA) yield the LN through the application of the rules (and theorems) of the logical system within which all four reside. We are, therefore, faced with six questions. The answers to three of them we know the answers to the other three are a great mystery. The questions are:Is every LP also PP?Is every LP also PA?Is every PP also PA?Is every PP also LP?Is every PA also LP?Is every PA also PP?Every PP must be also LP. The physical world is ruled by the laws of nature which are organized in logical systems. The rules of nature are all LP and whatever obeys them must also be LP. Whatever is PA must be PP (otherwise it will not have actualized). Since every PP is also LP every PA must also be LP. And, of course, nothing impossible can actually exist so, every PA must also be PP. That something exists implies that it must also be possible. But what is the relationship between necessity and existence? If something is necessary does it mean that it must exist? It would seem so. And if something exists does it mean that it was necessary? Not necessarily. It really depends on how one chooses to define necessity. A thought system can be constructed in which if something exists, it implies its necessity. An example: evolutionary adaptations. If an organism acquired some organ or trait it exists because it was deemed necessary by evolution. And thought systems can be constructed in which if something is of necessity it does not necessarily mean that it will exist. Consider human society. There are six modes of possibility:Logical (something is possible if its negation constitutes a contradiction, a logical impossibility). Metaphysical (something is possible if it is consistent with metaphysical necessities)Nomological (something is possible if it is consistent with scientific laws)Epistemological (something is possible if it sits well with what we already know)Temporal (something is possible if it is consistent with past truths)Something is possible if it is conceivable to a rational agentMost of these modes can be attacked on various grounds. There are impossible things whose negation would also yield a contradiction. We can commit errors in identifying metaphysical necessities (because they are a-posteriori, empirically derived). A metaphysical necessity is an objective one and is stronger than a logical necessity. Still it can be subject to an a posteriori discovery, from experience. And experience can lead to error. Scientific laws are transient approximations which are doomed to be replaced by other scientific laws as contradicting data accumulates (the underdetermination of scientific theories by data)What we already know is by definition very limited, prone to mistakes and misunderstandings and a very poor guide to judging the possibility or impossibility of things. Quantum mechanics is still considered counter-intuitive by many and against most of the things that we know (though this is a bad examples: many things that we know tend to support it, like the results of experiments in particles). The temporal version assumes the linearity of the world the past as an absolutely reliable predictor of the future. This, of course, is never the case. Things are possible which never happened before and do not sit well with past truths. .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .postImageUrl , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:hover , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:visited , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:active { border:0!important; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:active , .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54 .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a3e6398390a598f8cd34b79621acb54:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does the director, Steven Spielberg, create su EssayThis seems to be the strongest version but, alas, it is a circular one. We judge the possibility of something by asking ourselves (=rational agents) if it is conceivable. Our answer to the latter question determines our answer to the former a clear tautology. To answer the first three of the six questions that opened our article we need to notice that it is sufficient to answer any two of them. The third will be immediately derivable from the answers. Let us concentrate on the first and the third ones : Is every LP also PP and is every PP also PA?There seems to be a wall-to-wall consensus today that every PP is also PA. One of the interpretations to quantum mechanics (known as the Many Worlds interpretation) claims that with every measurement of a quantum event the universe splits. In one resulting universe, the measurement has occurred with a given result, in another the measurement has yielded a different result and in one of these universes the measurement did not take place at all. These are REAL universes, almost identical worlds with one thing setting them apart : the result of the measurement (its very existence in one case). By extension, any event (microcosmic or macrocosmic) will split the universe similarly. While the Many Worl ds interpretation remained in the fringes of institutionalized physics not so the possible worlds interpretation in formal logic and in formal semantics. Leibniz was ridiculed (by Voltaire) for his the best of all possible worlds assertion (God selected the best of all possible worlds because, by his nature, he is good). But he prevailed. A necessary truth logicians say today must by necessity be true in all possible worlds. When we say it is possible that something we mean to say: there is a world in which there this something exists. And this something is necessary is taken to mean : this something exists in all possible worlds. The prominent logician, David Lewis postulated that all the possible worlds are actual and are spatio-temporally separated. Propositions are designations of sets of possible worlds in which the propositions are true. A property (being tall, for instance) is not a universal but a set of possible individuals carrying this property, to whom the relevant predicate applies. Lewis demonstrated rather conclusively that is no point in using possible worlds unless they exist somewhere. A logical necessity, therefore, would be a logical proposition which is true in all the logically possible worlds. According to Lewiss S5 logical modality system, if a proposition is possible it is necessarily possible. This is because if it true in some possible world then, perforce, in every possible world it must be true that the proposition is true in some possible world. Models of T validity reasonably confine the sweep of S5 to worlds which are accessible rather to all the possible worlds. Still, all validation methods assume (axiomatically, in essence) that necessity is truth. Is every LP also PP? I think that the answer must be positive. Logic is a construct of our brains. Our brains are physical system, subject to the laws of physics. If something is LP but not PP it would not have been able to appear or to otherwise interact with a physical system. Only PP entities can interact with PA entities (such as our brains are). Thus, every logically possible thing must form in the brain. It can do so, only if it is physically possible really, only, if in some limited way, it is also physically actual. The physically possible is the blueprint of the physically actual. It is as PP (PA blueprints) that they interact with our PA brain to produce the LP (and later on, the PA). This is the process of human discovery and invention and a succinct summary of what we fondly call: civilization.